Japan: the land of the rising sun with its ancient traditions that effortlessly coexist with modern life. To the rest of the world, the country's technological advancements and beautiful scenery are fascinating. But there's a deeper dimension to its culture that is most often hidden from outsiders: the denizens of fantastical creatures that inhabit Japanese folklore. These beings are woven into Japan's history, its art, and the lives of everyday people.

Ten mystical creatures of Japanese lore

Today we introduce ten of the most mythical and fascinating creatures of Japanese myth and folklore—shedding light on the stories that have been passed down through generations.

1. Majestic Dragon (龍 - Ryū)

In Western mythology, dragons appear as loathsome creatures that happily amass treasure in infinite quantities and breathe fire upon anyone who comes near. In Japan, on the other hand, (Ryū) are probably one of the most multifaceted and respected beings that ever existed. They are usually associated with water, protecting seas, rivers and lakes.
Unlike dragons of the West, Japanese dragons are serpentine yet wingless. What truly makes them dangerous is their supreme wisdom and authority over the weather. Ryūjin—the most renowned of all dragons in Japanese mythology—is a dragon king who lives in a palace of coral and crystal in the ocean. Believed to be the god of the oceans, Japanese fishermen prayed and offered sacrifices to him to help them catch more fish and return safely home.
And yet Ryūjin's power also extends beyond the ocean. He gave Japan's first Emperor the Tidal Jewels to protect his ships and control the tides. For this reason, Ryūjin became a symbol of imperial power in Japanese culture.

Discover the artwork here.

2. The enigmatic Kitsune (狐 - Fox)

The Kitsune, or fox, is possibly the most beloved of all creatures in Japanese folklore. These beings are so much more than another breed of forest critter–these are mythical entities known to have the power of metamorphosis; often taking the form of beautiful women.
Kitsune are commonly associated with Inari, the Shinto god of rice and fertility — and even of prosperity. Foxes are said to be Inari's messengers and Inari shrines are often guarded by stone foxes.
Kitsune, recognized even in the West as the smart, clever fox with the number of tails determining their age—as many as nine. A nine-tailed Kitsune is particularly powerful and wise, able to perform amazing acts of magic.
Kitsune are risky business. Even though there are accounts of them being good for humans and helping bring prosperity, other stories give a much more sinister representation, portraying these beings as tricksters who enjoy leading people astray when they happen to be within their influence. The Kitsune's ambivalent temperament is emblematic of a more universal aspect of Japanese culture: the balancing act between good and evil, light and darkness.

Discover the artwork here.

3. The mischievous Tanuki (狸 - Raccoon Dog)

Tanuki, or raccoon dogs, are also known in Japanese folklore as shapeshifters. But their character is much lighter and happier than that of Kitsune. Tanuki are happy creatures who and love playing tricks on humans. Using leaves as talismans for magic shapeshifting is their specialty.
One of the best-known legends involving the Tanuki is Bunbuku Chagama, where he rewarded a poor man for his kindness by transforming into a teapot. Tanuki is renowned for its fat belly, which becomes a drum when beaten, and its huge testicles, which are believed to bring financial good fortune.
These days, outside Japanese restaurants and bars, you will notice Tanuki statues, which are often used as symbols of good fortune and money. Though their natures are those of tricksters at best, in Japan Tanuki have become known for being harmless and lovable
In a nutshell, Tanuki embodies the fun-loving side of the Japanese.

Discover the artwork here.

4. The fearsome Oni (鬼 - Demons)

Oni are among the most popular of figures in Japanese mythology. These mean-spirited entities are big and terrifying beasts with claws, wild-looking hair, and horns. Oni are often described as having red or blue skin and carry huge clubs known as kanabo.
Oni are commonly depicted as beings of punishment who are said to dwell in the underworld, torturing the wicked. But not every Oni is evil. In some stories, they are guardians of temples or mountains, keeping evil spirits at bay.
Shuten-dōji is the most well-known Oni, a strong demon-leader who terrorized Kyoto until he was slain by an army of warriors under the leadership of Minamoto no Raikō. The story of Shuten-dōji is a quintessential good-versus-evil tale that has been repurposed for countless plays, paintings, and books.
Oni are a common motif in the Japanese festival of Setsubun, during which people throw roasted soybeans to ward off evil spirits, chanting, "Oni wa soto! Fuku wa uchi!" ("Oni out! Fortune in!")

5. The mysterious Tengu (天狗- Heavenly dog)

Tengu are birdlike goblin creatures with both human and avian characteristics and supernatural powers, known for their skills in martial arts. Originally, Tengu were seen as evil wind demons who caused strife among the Buddhists, but over time they became revered protectors of the mountains, and expert warriors.
One particular mountain associated with the Tengu is Mount Takao. It is believed by many that Tengu have made this their home. Tengu have red faces, long noses, and wings, so they are able to fly.
The Tengu with its long nose is now an iconic image, and Tengu masks are often seen in Japanese festivals. One of the most famous Tengu is Sōjōbō侍, the king of the Tengu who trained the legendary warrior Minamoto no Yoshitsune. Tengu, according to the mythology, challenge the humility of monks and samurai, punishing those who would be arrogant or disrespectful.
The Tengu’s troublesome and sometimes dangerous ways have, over time, become incorporated into Japanese culture as symbols of martial prowess, discipline and the spiritual strength of the mountains.

6. The water-dwelling Kappa (河童 - River child)

Kappa are water imps found in Japan's rivers and ponds. They are often portrayed as small, green creatures with webbed hands and feet, a tortoise shell upon their backs, and a bowl of water on their heads. This water gives them their power, and if it is spilled, the Kappa is weakened.
Kappa are capricious spirits: on the one hand, they mischievously do things like putting water in people's clothing; but sometimes their behavior is even more malicious, such as causing swimmers to drown or stealing crops. However, they are also very intelligent and can be reasoned with. One way to defend oneself against a Kappa is by bowing to it, as it will feel compelled to return the bow and the water in its head bowl will spill.
In spite of their pranks, Kappa are also said to have taught humans the art of bone setting and as well as other medical practices. In some areas, they are worshipped as water deities who improve crop harvests.
Kappa are frequently found in Japanese folklore. They often appear children's stories and films, and are a key part of Japanese culture.

7. The enigmatic Yurei (幽霊 - Ghosts)

Yurei are the spirits of the dead who have not found rest. These ghosts are pale in appearance, with long matted hair, wearing white funeral garment. Yurei have strong emotions and are full of anger, envy, or sadness, which is what ties them to the world of the living.
The most famous Yurei, Oiwa, appeared in the kabuki play "Yotsuya Kaidan". She is the wife of a man who betrays and ultimately disfigures her, leading to her death. Her tragic death became another of Japan's famous ghost stories, providing inspiration for ballets, plays and films, as well as novels.
Yurei are often associated with certain locales, like haunted houses and graveyards, where they are said to show themselves. Sometimes these spirits are exorcised through various mourning ceremonies or offerings, but when ignored, they can spread trouble to anyone who comes into contact with them.
Yurei are deeply ingrained in the Japanese way of life. Tales about spirits are also a popular genre in Japanese literature, films, and drama. The tradition of telling ghost stories, even during the summer, is sure to create chills and shivers.

8. The serpentine Orochi (八岐大蛇 - Eight-headed serpent)

Orochi is an enormous serpent in Japanese mythology with eight heads and eight tails. According to the ancient text Kojiki, Orochi terrorized the land and demanded human sacrifice until it was killed by the storm god Susanoo. After he had defeated Orochi, Susanoo found the legendary sword Kusanagi in one of the serpent's tails, which later became one of the three Imperial Regalia of Japan.
When it comes to Japanese myths, Orochi is a classic story. It represents the triumph of the just over the evil. The creature is frequently described in art and literature as a force that wreaks havoc but at same time possesses great power.
Because it's been in so many video games, anime, and movies, Orochi is still one of Japan's most well-known mythical creatures.

9. The protective Shisa (獅子犬 - Lion-dogs)

Shisa are statues of guardian lion-dogs typically placed on rooftops and gates; they're specific to Okinawa, a province in southern Japan. The statues are thought to ward off evil spirits and bring good luck
Shisa usually come in pairs: one with its mouth open to scare off evil spirits and one with its mouth closed to keep good spirits in. This duality is like the concept of "A-un" in the breathing of Buddhist temple guardians, in which one of the guardians represents the beginning (open mouth) and the other, the end, (closed mouth) of all things.
These lion-dogs are said to descend from similar creatures called Foo Dogs that originated in China, but have since fully integrated into the Okinawan culture. Shisa are typically made of stone, clay, or ceramic and come in various sizes, from small figurines to large statues.
Shisa are not merely decorative elements, but rather, spiritual protectors in the Okinawan tradition. Many Okinawa homes have a pair of Shisa on the roof or at the entrance to the home to repel evil and invite in only good luck.
Not merely guardians of private homes, Shisa can also be found as protectors of shrines and temples across Okinawa. They are a proud reminder of the area's rich cultural heritage and the belief in the protective ability of the mythical animal.

10. The shape-shifting Bakeneko (化け猫 - Supernatural cat)

Cats have long held a special place in Japanese culture, but Bakeneko, or "monster" cats, take the mania to a whole new level. It is said that once a house cat reaches a certain age or weight, or if its tail grows longer than average, they will become a Bakeneko. These shapeshifting felines are believed to possess magical abilities that allow them to walk on two legs, speak multiple human languages, and even bring people back from the dead.
Often Bakeneko were associated with ghostly happenings, or were considered an omen of bad luck. Some legends suggest that after death they turn into their owner, getting revenge, or continuing their human life. However, not every Bakeneko incarnation is bad. In some regions, they are thought to be protective spirits, wielding their powers to prevent evil.
One particular type is the Nekomata—a Bakeneko whose tail has split in two, increasing its power of magic. Frequently depicted as sinister beings able to dominate dead souls, these mythological felines are believed to be fearsome beasts.
The Bakeneko has inspired works in Japanese art and literature. These phantom cats remain a beloved topic in manga, anime, and other contemporary media, indicative of their tenacious hold in Japanese culture and mythology.

The cultural significance of Japan's fantastic beasts

Japan's fantastic beasts are a well-documented cultural phenomenon
Dragons, Kitsune, Tanuki, Oni, Tengu, Kappa, Yurei, Orochi, Shisa, and Bakeneko — these ten creatures comprise just a small portion of Japan's mythical heritage. These creatures all have their own symbolism and cultural meanings, and combined, they help form a broader understanding of Japanese beliefs, values, and traditions.

Connection to nature

Many of these creatures, like the Ryū (dragon), Kitsune, Tanuki, and Kappa, are closely tied to nature. They reflect the Japanese respect for nature and its elements. Be it the dragon, who controls water and rain, the Kitsune, associated with rice and agriculture, or the Kappa, who is considered the lord of rivers, these creatures point towards the immense respect that Japanese culture has for the ecosystem.

Moral lessons & spirituality

Mythical beasts in Japanese folklore are often employed to convey moral lessons. The Oni represent the consequences of evil, and the Tengu, with their devilish swords, test the humility of monks and warriors. These types of stories have inspired many contemporary ghost stories.
These figures also highlight the Shinto and Buddhist influences in Japanese culture. Meanwhile, the naturalistic and animistic philosophies of Shinto lurk in creatures like the Kitsune and the Shisa. The stories of Yurei and Oni, in turn reflect Buddhist notions of karma and the afterlife.

Effects on modern Japanese culture

These amazing beasts play roles spanning folklore to modern pop culture in Japan. They appear in literature, theater, film, and even fashion. Other motifs for susurrus, as that of Oni and Tengu, emerge popularly in traditional Japanese Noh and Kabuki theater, along with the countless series adapted to manga and anime around the cult of the Kitsune.
They have become mascots, icons, and even tourist attractions. Inari Shrines in Japan are protected by Kitsune statues and have become famous for their spiritual importance as well as their part in Japanese mythology. Likewise, sites related to Tengu — spiritual creatures that act as protectors of the mountains — are popular pilgrimage destinations for hikers with an interest in Japanese folklore, especially Mount Takao.

Global influence

The allure of Japan's mythical creatures sparks interests beyond Japan's borders. These creatures have enchanted audiences around the world, shaping global popular culture. If you want to learn more about the symbolism or appearance of Japanese dragons they have been featured in international films, video games, and art. The Kitsune has continued its legacy as both seductress and sorceress — drawing admirers and attention in fantasy literature and media across the world in many different marketplaces.
Japan's fantastic beasts live on in the modern age, acting as a bridge between ancient traditions, and contemporary culture.

Japan's mythical creatures in your home

If you're enchanted by the magical realm of Japan's mythical beasts, there are many ways to infuse this cultural legacy into your everyday life. From art and décor to fashion and literature, these creatures provide a treasure trove of inspiration.

Art and decor

One way to introduce a little Japanese folklore into your home is through art and decor. Hang a Japanese dragon or Kitsune print in your living room. It will add a touch of mystery. Tanuki statues can add a playful element to your garden, while Shisa figures can protect and bring good luck to your entryway.
Traditional Japanese scrolls and paintings that feature these mystical beasts are easy to find, lending authenticity and cultural texturing to your setting. Any style of décor can be embellished by a dragon or a haunting spirit!

Discover the artwork here.

Fashion and accessories

Japanese mythological creatures have joined the fashion fray, too. Consider dragons, Kitsune, or Oni-themed kimonos, scarves, or accessories. Not only do these items pay homage to Japan's mythological heritage, but they also serve as eye-catching and conversation-starting fashion statements.
A more subtle approach might be jewelry or charms depicting these creatures. Wearing a Kitsune pendant or a dragon bracelet would help incorporate the protective and powerful characteristics of these creatures into your life as both a talisman and an accessory.

Discover the totebag here.

Literature and media  

A wealth of literature and media awaits exploration for those who want to delve deeper into the stories and mythology behind Japan's fantastic beasts. Since ancient texts like the Kojiki, these stories have been a legacy passed down through the generations.
So whether you want traditional histories, fictional stories, or an academic approach, there's something for everyone. These stories are enjoyable reads that also provide deep insight into Japan's cultural and spiritual inheritance.

Gifts and collectibles

Japan's mythical beings lead to thoughtful, unique presents. A graceful Kitsune mask, a Tanuka figurine, or a piece of art showing a beautiful dragon; things like these are unique keepsakes for anyone interested in Japanese culture or mythology. They also make lovely keepsakes — things to pass down through the generations with the stories that guided them.

The timeless appeal of Japan's fantastic beasts

Japan's fantastic beasts are more than just mythical creatures — they are key to the nation's cultural identity and spiritual heritage. Whether friendly guardians, mischievous tricksters or terrifying demons, they are all part of the rich fabric of Japan's folklore. Their stories are still relevant; they reflect the hopes and dreams—and fears—of people everywhere.
Learning about these mythical creatures is more than just a history lesson; it also connects us to a culture that blends nature, spirituality, and tradition with the modern world. They provide enchantment, intrigue, and pause for thought, whether we embrace them through creative mediums or simply appreciate their presence.
May the fantastical creatures of Japan's mythical world bring inspiration, protection, and a bit of enchantment to your everyday existence.